The Ituu Oromo and the Gadaa Hususaa: A Pivotal Ceremony of Resilience (1934)
1. Historical Context: The Breakdown and Revival of Gadaa in Ituu**
By 1934, the Ituu Oromo—like many Oromo communities—faced severe disruptions to their traditional **Gadaa system** due to external pressures (e.g., colonization, marginalization). Despite this, the *Gumi* (assembly of Gadaa leaders) demonstrated remarkable resilience by adapting their practices to preserve Oromo governance and identity.
### **2. The Hususaa Gadaa Ceremony: Ritual and Resistance**
The **Hususaa Gadaa** (meaning “conversation” or “proclamation”) was a critical ceremonial event where the Ituu Oromo:
– **Performed rituals** to reinvigorate the Gadaa system amid its breakdown.
– **Issued decrees** and made appointments to uphold Oromo law and social order.
– **Relied on Dhooysa** (ritual leaders) to conduct the ceremonies, ensuring cultural continuity.
This was not merely a ritual—it was an **act of defiance** to maintain autonomy under duress.
### **3. Archival Evidence: The 1934 Frobenius Institute Record**
The ceremony was documented in **1934 by Henry de Monfreid** and archived at the *Frobenius Institute*. This rare footage/report captures:
– The **symbolic explosions** (or invocations) used in the rituals.
– The **formal proclamations** by Gadaa leaders.
– The **cultural hybridity** of the event, blending traditional Oromo practices with adaptations to contemporary challenges.
*Note:* The Frobenius archives remain a vital resource for reconstructing Oromo history during this era.
### **4. Why This Matters Today**
The Hususaa Gadaa of 1934 exemplifies:
**Adaptive resistance**: How the Oromo preserved Gadaa despite systemic oppression.
**Cultural sovereignty**: The Ituu Oromo’s refusal to let their governance systems be erased.
**Historical validation**: Archival proof counters narratives that marginalize Oromo institutions.
—
### **Suggested Next Steps for Research/Advocacy:**
1. **Locate the Frobenius footage/report** to analyze its full contents.
2. **Compare with oral histories** from Ituu elders to fill gaps in the record.
3. **Highlight this case** in discussions about Oromo resilience and indigenous governance.
Would you like assistance drafting a formal request to access the Frobenius archives?
—
**Key Improvements:**
– **Clear timeline and context** for readers unfamiliar with Ituu Oromo history.
– **Emphasizes the ceremony’s political significance** (not just cultural).
– **Links past to present**—useful for advocacy or academic work.
– **Actionable steps** to deepen research.
Reviving the Gada System: A Cultural Heritage Initiative
The Sikkoo-Mandoo Conference represents a significant effort to revitalize the **Gada system**, a cornerstone of Oromo cultural and political heritage, which faced suppression during the mid-20th century under Ethiopian regimes. Here’s a structured breakdown of the context, significance, and implications:
—
1. The Gada System: Historical Overview
– What is Gada?
The Gada system is a traditional **democratic governance system** practiced by the Oromo people for centuries. It organizes society into age-based cohorts (*gogessa*), with leadership rotating every 8 years. Key principles include accountability, consensus-building, and environmental stewardship.
– Cultural Significance:
Beyond governance, Gada encompasses Oromo spirituality, conflict resolution, and social identity, recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2016.
—
2. Suppression in the 1940s
– Ethiopian Centralization:
Under Emperor Haile Selassie (ruled 1930–1974), Ethiopia pursued centralization policies that marginalized ethnic identities and traditional systems like Gada. The regime promoted Amhara-centric culture and governance, leading to the erosion of Oromo institutions.
– Impact:
Gada was suppressed through land reforms (*gulma*), bans on Oromo language (Afaan Oromoo), and dismantling of indigenous leadership structures. By the 1940s, the system became largely dormant, though preserved orally in rural communities.
—
3. The Sikkoo-Mandoo Conference: Revival Efforts
– Purpose:
The conference aims to **reclaim Oromo identity** by restoring Gada’s role in modern governance and cultural practices. It reflects broader Oromo activism for self-determination and cultural preservation.
– Key Themes:
– Reintegrating Gada principles (e.g., rotational leadership, environmental ethics) into contemporary governance.
– Addressing historical marginalization through education and language revitalization.
– Leveraging Gada as a framework for **conflict resolution** amid Ethiopia’s ethnic tensions.
—
4. Challenges and Opportunities
– Political Context:
Ethiopia’s federal system allows ethnic regions autonomy, but tensions persist between central authority and ethnic nationalism. The Abiy Ahmed government (2018–present), while Oromo-led, faces criticism over balancing unity and ethnic rights.
– Obstacles:
– Modernization and urbanization eroding traditional practices.
– Skepticism from younger generations or those favoring Western-style democracy.
– Potential clashes with Ethiopia’s legal and political frameworks.
– Opportunities:
– Strengthening community cohesion and cultural pride.
– Offering alternative models of participatory democracy and sustainability.
—
5. Broader Implications
– Cultural Renaissance:
The revival is part of a pan-Oromo movement seen in events like Irreecha (thanksgiving festival) and the resurgence of Afaan Oromoo in media/education.
– Ethiopian Federalism:
Success could inspire other ethnic groups to reclaim traditions, testing Ethiopia’s commitment to multicultural federalism. Conversely, it may fuel centralist fears of fragmentation.
Conclusion
The Sikkoo-Mandoo Conference symbolizes the Oromo people’s resilience in reclaiming their heritage. While challenges remain, the Gada revival intersects with global movements for indigenous rights and decolonization, offering lessons in balancing tradition with modernity. Its success may depend on dialogue with Ethiopia’s government and integration into broader national frameworks.
Ethiopia’s Crisis: Human Rights Violations in Oromia
The 10 April report from the Oromia Support Group is shocking. Among unprecedented levels of human rights violations, it documents increasing persecution of Oromo youth, the Qeerroo generation which propelled Abiy Ahmed to power, with page after page of documented killings.
Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed’s security forces – the ENDF, regional police forces and poorly trained militia – are taking punitive measures against Oromo civilians, killing young and old, destroying homes and looting livestock to deter the population from supporting the Oromo Liberation Army.
Report 69 includes information about areas which usually receive little attention such as the zones of Guji and West Guji. But nowhere in Oromia Region is safe or secure.
Ordinary people in urban and rural settings are suffering unsustainable levels of taxation and abuse. Farmers are made to sell their grain to the government at prices below market value. Villagers are forced at gunpoint to provide their children as conscripts, to pay taxes and fees for construction, and to arm and sustain the federal army and militia at district and kebele levels. Undisciplined militia live off the populace, demanding money and goods in addition to spurious fees for party membership, uniforms, ammunition and ‘health insurance.’
Lawlessness and a dog-eat-dog mentality pervades rural Ethiopia. Villagers and townsfolk in areas adjacent to Amhara Region, especially Horo Guduru and East Wallega, but also zones of Showa and within the Oromia Special Zone in Amhara Region, are also subjected to group killings and looting by Fano militants, originally from Amhara Region but now operating from bases in Oromia.
The ideology of Fano ‘to make Amhara great again’ denies history and portrays the Prosperity Party regime as an ‘Oromo government’ to justify its acts of ethnic cleansing in Oromia Region. Meanwhile, the populace in Amhara Region suffers attacks and reprisal killings from ENDF and Fano forces in the zero-sum game of absolute domination which has bedevilled the Ethiopian empire since its formation.
The current instability and mayhem is unsustainable. Ethiopia’s survival as a state depends on a negotiated peace between the government, Amhara and Oromo forces.
Dr Trevor Trueman, Chair, Oromia Support Group, 10 April 2025.
Global Commemoration of Oromo Martyrs’ Day – April 15, 2025
“Honoring the Fallen, Renewing the Struggle for Oromia’s Liberation”
We extend a heartfelt invitation to Oromo communities, allies, and justice advocates worldwide to join us in observing Oromo Martyrs’ Day on April 15, 2025. This solemn day commemorates the sacrifices of Oromo heroes who laid down their lives for freedom, justice, and the liberation of Oromia.
Why April 15? The Legacy of the Shinnigga Martyrs
On April 15, 1980, eleven leaders of the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) were executed in Shinnigga, Somalia, while on a diplomatic mission to secure international support for the Oromo struggle. Their refusal to divide along religious lines—declaring “We are Oromos first!”—cost them their lives but cemented their legacy of unity and resistance.
Since 1984, April 15 has been observed globally as:
- A day of remembrance for all Oromo martyrs.
- A day of recommitment to the unfinished struggle for Oromia’s liberation.
How to Participate in the 2025 Commemoration
1. Memorial Ceremonies (In-Person & Virtual)
- Time: 1:00 PM (Local Time Worldwide)
- Program Highlights:
- Memorial Service: Honor martyrs with prayers (weedduu), songs (geerarsa), and candlelight vigils.
- Speeches: Leaders and elders will discuss:
- The history of Oromo Martyrs’ Day.
- The current state of the Oromo struggle (e.g., OLF’s Oath Campaign, political prisoners, forced conscription).
- Q&A Session: Open dialogue on strategies to advance Oromo liberation.
2. Global Events
- Oromia (Underground): Secret gatherings at symbolic sites (rivers, mountains).
- Diaspora (Public):
- Minneapolis, USA: Community vigil at the Oromo Community Center.
- Melbourne, Australia: Panel discussion with exiled Oromo activists.
- Berlin, Germany: Film screening (“The Blood of Shinnigga”).
- Virtual Participation: Livestreams via varies Oromia Media (OM) and social media (#OromoMartyrsDay2025).
3. Advocacy Actions
- Demand Justice: Petition the UN to investigate the 1980 Shinnigga massacre and ongoing abuses in Oromia.
- Support Prisoners: Write letters to Oromo political detainees.
- Amplify Voices: Share martyrs’ stories using #OromoMartyrsDay2025.
Saluting the Martyrs: Their Legacy Lives On
This day is not only about grief—it is about action. We honor:
- The Shinnigga 11 (April 15, 1980) and Gidamii 9 (December 23, 1981, poisoned).
- Haacaaluu Hundeessaa (2020), Irreecha Massacre victims (2016), and thousands unnamed.
- Recent OLA fighters fallen in the Shinnigga Oath Campaign.
Their blood cries: “Qabsoon itti fufa!” (“The struggle continues!”).
Join Us in the Fight for Oromia’s Future
- Attend: Find local events at OromoLiberationFront.org.
- Donate: Support Oromo political prisoners and OLF’s humanitarian efforts.
- Educate: Teach the next generation about Oromo martyrs.
“Ammas akkuma bishaan fincaa’aa ol kaana!
(Like the ever-flowing river, we rise again!)“
Contact:
- Email: MartyrsDay@OLF.org
- Social Media: #OromoMartyrsDay2025
Qabsoon itti fufa!
Oromia Shall Be Free!
Celebrate Oromtittii’s Day: Honoring Women’s Contributions
Save the Date!
Oromtittii’s Day Celebration
Date: Saturday, April 5th
Time: 1:00 PM
Location: Braeside Park, Lower Dandenong Road, Vic, 3195
Join us as we come together to celebrate Oromtittii’s Day, a special occasion dedicated to honoring the strength, resilience, and invaluable contributions of Oromo women to our culture, community, and history. This day is a time to reflect, rejoice, and renew our commitment to equality, peace, and unity.
What to Expect
- Cultural Performances: Traditional music, dance, and poetry celebrating Oromo heritage.
- Guest Speakers: Inspiring words from community leaders and elders.
- Traditional Attire: A showcase of beautiful Oromo cultural clothing.
- Food and Refreshments: Enjoy traditional Oromo dishes and beverages.
- Community Bonding: Connect with fellow attendees and celebrate our shared identity.
Why Attend?
Oromtittii’s Day is more than just a celebration—it is a reaffirmation of the vital role women play in our society. It is an opportunity to:
- Honor the legacy of Oromo women as leaders, peacemakers, and caregivers.
- Celebrate the Siinqee institution, a symbol of women’s strength and unity.
- Strengthen community bonds and inspire future generations.
RSVP
Please confirm your attendance by 31/03/025 to help us make the necessary arrangements. You can RSVP by contacting Advocacy for Oromia at 0466 521 524 or info@advocacy4oromia.org.
Dress Code
We encourage attendees to wear traditional Oromo attire to celebrate our rich cultural heritage.
Join Us
Your presence will make this celebration even more meaningful. Let us come together to honor the past, celebrate the present, and inspire the future. We look forward to celebrating this special day with you!
With warm regards,
Oromo community in Melbourne/Oromo Women Association/Advocacy for Oromia
For more info Ob Oluma on 0421 639 679
Feel free to customize this announcement further to suit your event’s specific details and tone. Let me know if you need additional assistance! Nagaa fi bilisummaaf! (For peace and freedom!) 🌍✨
Robera Abdeta’s 18th Birthday: A Cultural Celebration
Robera Abdeta’s 18th birthday marks a significant milestone, not only for him but also for his family, friends, and the broader Oromo community. Turning 18 is often seen as a transition into adulthood, a moment filled with hope, responsibility, and celebration. For Robera, this day was made even more special by the presence and blessings of his loved ones, including his family, siblings, friends, and relatives.
In Oromo culture, such celebrations are deeply rooted in communal values, where the collective joy of the community amplifies the significance of individual milestones. The blessings from Oromo elders and fathers carry profound cultural and spiritual weight, symbolizing the passing of wisdom, guidance, and good fortune to the younger generation. These blessings are not just personal but are seen as a way to strengthen the bonds within the community and ensure its continuity.
The presence of family, brothers, sisters, and friends highlights the importance of kinship and solidarity in Oromo society. Such gatherings are not merely social events but are also opportunities to reinforce cultural identity and shared values. For Robera, this day likely represents a moment of reflection on his journey so far and the responsibilities that come with adulthood.
The celebration also underscores the role of the Oromo community in nurturing and supporting its youth. By coming together to celebrate Robera’s 18th birthday, the community reaffirms its commitment to guiding and empowering the next generation. This day, therefore, is not just about Robera as an individual but also about the collective aspirations of his family and community for his future.
In essence, Robera Abdeta’s 18th birthday is a celebration of growth, unity, and cultural heritage. It is a day that encapsulates the love, hope, and blessings of his family and community, marking the beginning of a new chapter in his life as a young adult within the Oromo tradition.
A Legacy of Empowerment: Oromo Inauguration Day Insights
The inauguration day is a profoundly significant and honorable occasion, not just for the immediate family but for the entire Oromo community. It is a celebration of sacrifice, resilience, and the collective effort to uplift future generations. Specifically, honoring families like Latii Habte Tolessa Bechere’s, who have dedicated their time and resources to educate their children despite not having the opportunity to educate themselves, is a powerful testament to the values of perseverance, love, and community.
Why This Inauguration Day is a Great Success:
- Celebration of Sacrifice:
- Families like Latii Habte Tolessa Bechere’s represent the countless parents who have prioritized their children’s education over their own aspirations. Their sacrifices are the foundation of this success, and the inauguration day is a moment to honor their selflessness.
- This day serves as a reminder that education is a collective journey, often built on the sacrifices of those who came before.
- A Milestone for the Family:
- The inauguration day marks the culmination of years of hard work, dedication, and perseverance. It is a celebration of the family’s unwavering commitment to ensuring their children’s success.
- For the children, it is a moment of pride and achievement, knowing that their accomplishments are a direct result of their family’s support and sacrifices.
- A Victory for the Oromo Community:
- The success of one family is a success for the entire Oromo community. It demonstrates the power of education as a tool for empowerment and progress.
- This inauguration day inspires others in the community to value education and invest in the future of their children, reinforcing the idea that collective effort leads to collective success.
- Preserving Cultural Values:
- The Oromo community places great importance on family, community, and education. This inauguration day is a reflection of these values, showcasing how cultural traditions and modern achievements can coexist and strengthen one another.
- It is also an opportunity to celebrate Oromo identity and resilience, reminding the community of their shared history and aspirations.
- A Legacy of Empowerment:
- Families like Latii Habte Tolessa Bechere’s are creating a legacy of empowerment. By prioritizing education, they are breaking cycles of poverty and opening doors for future generations.
- This inauguration day is a reminder that education is not just an individual achievement but a communal one, with the potential to transform entire communities.
A Message to the Family and Community:
To Latii Habte Tolessa Bechere and the family, this inauguration day is a testament to your unwavering commitment, love, and sacrifice. Your efforts have not only brought success to your family but have also inspired the entire Oromo community. This day is a celebration of your resilience and a reminder of the power of education to create lasting change.
To the Oromo community, this inauguration day is a call to continue supporting one another, valuing education, and working together to uplift future generations. It is a reminder that every sacrifice made for the sake of education is a step toward a brighter, more empowered future.
In conclusion, this inauguration day is not just a personal milestone but a communal triumph. It is a celebration of the past, present, and future—a day to honor sacrifices, celebrate achievements, and inspire hope for generations to come. Fayyaa fi nagaa! (Health and peace!)
Oromedia 